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Starting Cascading Style Sheets   by stephen cope



Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are being used more and more by web designers to


layout and format web pages. Although they have been around for several years


now many designers have avoided them due to browser incompatibility.


Although compatibility problems still exist they are no longer an issue for


most applications. Here I will concentrate here on the main features and how


they work and why they are used.
You may find yourself using CSS anyway


without you knowing as programs like FrontPage use CSS (depends on page setup


options) for some of their functionality.


<H4>Styles Solve a Common Problem</H4>


HTML was originally designed to define the content of a document but not the


document presentation/layout. The layout of the document was supposed to be


taken care of by the browser, without using any formatting tags. The content is


defined by using tags like h1,

, table, which basically


say `This is a header`, `This is a paragraph`, `This is a table`, by using tags


like and so on.


The principal browser vendors, Netscape and Microsoft, competed by adding


support for new, proprietary tags (like the <font> tag and the colour


attribute) and technologies that permitted increasingly high-impact Web pages.



These innovations were good for spurring the development of Web technology,


but they created problems as well.


Consequently it became more and more difficult to create Web sites where the


content of HTML documents was clearly separated from the document`s presentation


and that would be displayed correctly on any browser.


The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - the consortium responsible for


standardizing HTML - created a language called Cascading Style Sheets, or


CSS.CSS, unlike HTML, is designed solely to define appearance as efficiently as


possible.


It can exist either within HTML or as a linked document, letting developers


separate a Web page`s content (marked up in HTML) from its presentation (defined


by CSS). Both Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0 and later support Cascading


Style Sheets.


Style sheets work like templates: you define the style for a particular HTML


element once (e.g. header tag h1), and then use it over and over on any


number of Web pages.


If you want to change how an element looks, you just change the style;


the element automatically changes wherever it appears. (Before CSS, you had to


change the element individually, each time it appeared) .Style sheets let Web


designers quickly create more consistent pages--and more consistent sites.


<H4>How Style sheets are Implemented</H4>


There are 3 basic ways to add the functionality of Style Sheets:


1. Inline - Creating the elements for each HTML Tag. This will allow


the same HTML Tag to have different styles on the same page.
2.


Embedding - Creating the elements on the page itself that will affect


every occurrence of an HTML Tag.
3. Linking - Creating one page that


defines the elements and include in the pages that you want to affect.


For beginners using Embedding or Linking is recommended.. The Linking Style


is used when you want to use the same style on multiple pages, you can then use


Embedding and/or Inline on specific pages that don`t fit the design style of the


Linking Sheet.


<H4>Precedence and inheritance</H4>


As the term Cascading Style Sheets implies, more than one style sheet can be


used on the same document, with different levels of importance. Generally styles


from different style sheets merge together (cascade) into a virtual style.


However, If you define conflicting styles for the same HTML element, the


innermost definition--the one closest to the individual tag-wins
The


precedence Style Sheets follow is Inline, Embedding, then Linking. Inline Style


takes precedence over Embedding Style, which takes precedence over Linking


Style.


There is a fourth style sheet which is set not by the document author but by


the reader and that is the browser default. Taking this style sheet into


consideration the order of precedence is:

1. Inline Style (inside HTML


element) .
2. Embedding Style Sheet (inside the <head> tag).
3.


External Style Sheet.
4. Browser default.

So, an inline style (inside


an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override


every style declared inside the <head> tag, in an external style sheet,


and in a browser (a default value).


<UL>


<LI>Cascading


Style Sheets- part 1



<LI>Cascading Style


Sheets- part 2



<LI>Cascading Style


Sheets- part 3
</LI></UL>

Author Info:

Stephen Cope is a freelance trainer and the Webmaster at -
making a website and Niche Website Guide.


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